Hemoglobin (Hb) isimbi ine metalloprotein inowanikwa yakawanda mumasero matsvuku eropa emhuka dzinenge dzose dzine vertebrate. Inowanzo rumbidzwa se "morekuru inotsigira hupenyu" nekuda kwebasa rayo rinokosha mukufema. Iyi protein yakaoma ndiyo inoita basa guru rekutakura okisijeni kubva mumapapu kuenda kune imwe neimwe nyama mumuviri uye kuita kuti carbon dioxide idzoke kuti ibudiswe. Kunzwisisa basa rayo, nzira dzakanaka dzinodzora maitiro ayo, uye kukosha kukuru kwekuyera kwayo kwekiriniki kunoita kuti pave neruzivo rwehutano hwevanhu nezvirwere.

Basa uye Maitiro: Basa Rakanaka reUinjiniya hweMolecular

Basa guru rehemoglobin kutakura gasi. Zvisinei, hariite basa iri sechipanji chiri nyore, chisina kupindira. Kushanda zvakanaka kwaro kunobva pakugadzirwa kwemaumbirwo akaomarara uye nzira dzinoshanda dzekudzora.

Maumbirwo eMolekyu: Hemoglobin itetramer, inoumbwa nemaketani mana eglobin protein (maketani maviri ealpha nebeta maviri muvanhu vakuru). Cheni imwe neimwe inobatanidzwa neboka reheme, chimiro chakaoma chering chine atomu yesimbi yepakati (Fe²⁺). Iyi atomu yesimbi ndiyo nzvimbo chaiyo yekubatanidza molekyulu yeokisijeni (O₂). Saka molekyulu imwe chete yehemoglobin inogona kutakura mamorekuru eokisijeni anosvika mana.

Kubatana Pamwe Chete uye Sigmoidal Curve: Iri ndiro dombo guru rekushanda kwehemoglobin. Kana molekyuru yekutanga yeokisijeni yakabatana neboka reheme mumapapu (uko huwandu hweokisijeni hwakakwira), inokonzera shanduko muchimiro chehemoglobin yese. Kuchinja uku kunoita kuti zvive nyore kuti mamorekyuru maviri eokisijeni arambe akabatana. Molekyuru yechina yekupedzisira yeokisijeni irambe yakabatana zviri nyore. Kubatana uku "kwekubatana" kunoguma ne "characteristic sigmoidal (S-shaped) oxygen dissociation curve". Iyi S-shape yakakosha—zvinoreva kuti munzvimbo ine oxygen yakawanda mumapapu, hemoglobin inozara nekukurumidza, asi mumatishu asina oxygen yakawanda, inogona kuburitsa oxygen yakawanda nekuderera kudiki kwekumanikidzwa.

Kudzora kweAllosteric: Kubatana kwehemoglobin neokisijeni hakuna kugadziriswa; kunogadziriswa zvakanaka zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nemuviri. Izvi zvinoitwa kuburikidza ne allosteric effectors:

Mhedzisiro yeBohr: Munyama dzinoshanda, kushanda kwakanyanya kwe metabolic kunoburitsa carbon dioxide (CO₂) uye acid (H⁺ ions). Hemoglobin inonzwa nharaunda iyi yemakemikari uye inopindura nekuderedza kufarira kwayo okisijeni, zvichiita kuti O₂ ibudiswe zvakanyanya panzvimbo chaiyo yainonyanya kudiwa.

2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG): Mushonga uyu, unogadzirwa mumasero matsvuku eropa, unosunga hemoglobin uye unosimbisa mamiriro ayo asina mweya, zvichiwedzera kukurudzira kuburitswa kweokisijeni. Mazinga e2,3-BPG anowedzera mumamiriro ezvinhu asingaperi ane hypoxia, akadai sepanzvimbo dzakakwirira, kuti uwedzere kuendeswa kweokisijeni.

Kutakurwa kweCarbon Dioxide: Hemoglobin ine basa rakakoshawo mukutakura CO₂. Chikamu chidiki asi chakakosha cheCO₂chinobatanidza zvakananga kune globin chains, zvichigadzira carbaminohemoglobin. Uyezve, nekubatanidza H⁺ions, hemoglobin inobatsira kutakurwa kwehuwandu hweCO₂ se bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) muplasma.

Kukosha Kwakakosha Kwekuongororwa kweHemoglobin

Tichifunga nezvebasa guru rehemoglobin, kuyera huwandu hwayo uye kuongorora kunaka kwayo inyaya huru mukurapa kwemazuva ano. Kuongororwa kwehemoglobin, kazhinji chikamu cheComplete Blood Count (CBC), ndeimwe yeongororo dzinonyanya kurongeka dzekiriniki. Kukosha kwayo hakugone kupfuudzwa nekuda kwezvikonzero zvinotevera:

Kutarisa Kufambira Mberi kweChirwere uye Kurapwa Kwacho:

Kune varwere vanoonekwa vaine anemia, kuyerwa kwe hemoglobin kwakakosha kuti vaongorore kushanda kwekurapa, senge kuwedzera iron, uye kutevedzera kufambira mberi kwezvirwere zvisingaperi zvakaita sekutadza kushanda kweitsvo kana kenza.

Kuonekwa kweHemoglobinopathy:

Kuongororwa kwe hemoglobin kwakagadzirwa nehunyanzvi, kwakadai se hemoglobin electrophoresis, kunoshandiswa kuongorora zvirwere zvemajini zvakagarwa nhaka zvinokanganisa chimiro kana kugadzirwa kwe hemoglobin. Mienzaniso inowanzoonekwa ndeye Sickle Cell Disease (inokonzerwa neHbS variant isina kunaka) uye Thalassemia. Kuonekwa kwekutanga kwakakosha pakutarisira uye kupa mazano ezvemajini.

Kuongororwa kwePolycythemia:

Kuwanda kwe hemoglobin muropa kunogona kuratidza polycythemia, chirwere apo muviri unobereka masero matsvuku eropa akawandisa. Izvi zvinogona kuva chirwere chekutanga chemubofu kana kuti mhinduro yechipiri kune hypoxia isingaperi (semuenzaniso, muzvirwere zvemapapu kana munzvimbo dzakakwirira), uye zvine njodzi ye thrombosis.

Kuongororwa uye Kuongororwa Kwehutano Hwakazara: Kuongororwa kwehemoglobin chikamu chenguva dzose chekutarisirwa kwemwana asati aberekwa, kuongororwa kwemwana asati avhiyiwa, uye kuongororwa kwehutano hwese. Izvi zvinoshanda sechiratidzo chakakura chehutano hwese uye mamiriro ekudya.

Kutarisira Chirwere Cheshuga: Kunyange zvazvo isiri hemoglobin yakajairika, bvunzo yeGlycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) inoyera kuti glucose yakabatana nehemoglobin yakawanda zvakadii. Inoratidza huwandu hweshuga muropa mumwedzi miviri kusvika mitatu yapfuura uye ndiyo nzira yepamusoro yekudzora glycemic kwenguva refu muvarwere vane chirwere cheshuga.

Mhedziso

Hemoglobin inopfuura kungotakura okisijeni chete. Imuchina wemamorekuru wakagadzirwa zvakanaka, unoshandisa kubatana kwekubatanidza uye kugadzirisa allosteric kuti ugonese kuendeswa kweokisijeni zvichienderana nezvinodiwa nemuviri. Nekuda kweizvozvo, kuyerwa kwe hemoglobin mukiriniki hakusi kungoverengerwa pamushumo werabhoritari; chishandiso chine simba, chisingapindi muropa chekuongorora uye chekutarisa. Chinopa mufananidzo unokosha wehutano hweropa hwemunhu nehwese, zvichigonesa kuongororwa kwezvirwere zvinochinja hupenyu, kuongororwa kwezvirwere zvisingaperi, uye kuchengetedzwa kwehutano hweveruzhinji. Kunzwisisa hunyanzvi hwayo hwebhayoloji uye kukosha kwayo mukiriniki kunoratidza kuti nei puroteni iyi iri pasi pesimba iri dombo guru resainzi yezvemuviri neyekurapa.